Originally Posted by Tom S.
What you are asking for is a crash course in photography. All of these terms are interrelated, so just explaining them is only half the info you need.
Ansel Adams wrote a series of books,
Book 1: the Camera
Book 2: the Film
Book 3: the Print.
All three are excellent, but I especially recommend Book 1 to you. It was written during the film era, but all the information in it still pertains to cameras, be they film or digital. Not only does it explain the terms you are questioning, but also explains how they interact with each other. Although the book isn't expensive, you might be able to find a copy at your local library.
i have to correct this. the second book is The Negative, not the film. it covers everything from film processing, to composure