Most cheaper cameras that offer high frame rates seriously drop resolution. Some go up to (theoretical) 1000fps but with laughable resolutions. The Canon PowerShot only films with 320x240 pixels @ 240fps. More professional systems have higher stats but are way more expensive. Even the kickstarted Edgertronic with 720p @ 700fps is going to cost $5.500.
There's a Guardian article from 2013 that lists several consumer products:
Wanted: a cheap compact camera for shooting slow-motion videos.
Since then there's probably some newer models with better stats.
LUMIX DMC-FZ200 could be a valid option. It can do up to 120 fps @ 720p and 240fps at VGA resolution and is only around $500. The
DMC-FZ1000EB is a bit more expensive and films with 100fps at full HD.
Side note, you'll need some good lighting at those speeds.