Major update although will not be the last: I had some free time this weekend, and as I just realized what a great spanner tool would a pair of scissors make, I hurriedly took it apart and cleaned the lens elements (still left more dust inside than it already was), but I realized that the rear element should really fit backwards
So I reversed it, and voila, the Jupiter 37A was now sharp after so many years and god knows what improper service (remember when I said somebody had previously opened it?)
I didn't get to test it at full potential (I am very, very, very busy during the week), I get home when there's not enough light for a clean ISO (and I only tried it wide open), but this is the first sharp picture that ever came from it (picture no longer available, but here's my set on Flickr with this lens):
http://www.flickr.com/photos/kcobain1992/sets/72157632495357149/