Your question covers a lot of ground - its pretty wide. I agree with everything written here, and it comes down to the shot that you are going after and how you want to frame or compose it.
- If you want foreground - then you go wide.
- If you want to minimize distortion - then you go prime, no lower than about 24mm, and possibly stitch.
- If you want to shoot over the foreground and emphasize the distant - then you want a longer lens (28, 35, 50 or 85mm) and possibly stitch.
Wide angle lenses - Here are my landscape lenses
- 10-17 Fisheye - Great lens, runs from about 180 degrees to 100 degrees wide. Pulls in foreground, background and lots of sky.
- 12-24 - Another great lens, runs from 100 degrees wide to 60 degrees wide. Resolution peaks at around 18mm.
- 16-45 - Very good lens, runs 80 degrees to about 35 degrees wide.
- FA 31 Ltd - Wonderful lens - extremely sharp
- CZ 28/2.8 - Wonderful lens - extremely sharp - 1/3 the price of the 31, but all manual
- A 50/1.7 - Great lens, VERY Cheap (the M 50/2 is even cheaper).
- CZ 85/2.8 - Great lens, extremely sharp
The one thing that you need to understand about wide angle lenses (other than what has been written here by others), is that your sensor size is fixed at about 4288 x 2428 pixels. So those ~4000 pixels are going to have to represent everything from 180 degrees wide down to - let's say 35 degrees wide. That is a very large range. At 180 degrees one pixel will represent a lot of area, while at 35 degrees - a tremendously smaller area - and hence produce a much "sharper" more detailed and defined image, depending on the lens that is mounted. That's why stitching increases the width of the image, while preserving the detail or sharpness and definition.
Another aspect that you touched on is price. Wide angle lenses are not inexpensive. This is due to several factors. A lot of optical engineering is required to pull in the additional width of the scene, and a lot of complex optical glass is necessary to accomplish this. So, the wider the lens, the more the price increases. Another factor is the sensor size (as it relates to the APS-c sensors). Film camera lenses did not need to be so wide because the film "sensor" was much larger. The older glass really stopped at about 18mm - which was very wide angle. With the smaller sensor, these older lenses are not as wide (their field of view on the smaller digital sensor), therefore there is not a lot of older wide glass available, since it was just not made.
The older 50 mm lenses are very plentiful (essentially the film kit lens) which makes them very cheap. They are also pretty fast - not really necessary for landscapes, but at times a plus. However, their quality is extremely high, and they are optically superior. You can pick up an older 50mm f2 lens, all manual, shoot in portrait orientation and stitch, very easily, which would produce as wide an image as you desire, extremely sharp, high definition, wonderful colors for about $20.