Usually we recommend lenses like DA 35mm and DA 50mm, both of which cost under $200 and are fully automatic, with great optics. Thing is, the further you go from the "normal" focal length, the more expensive lenses get.
Regarding portrait lenses, you can find things like Helios 44 (many variants of this lens, some m42 mount, some even k-mount), which are decent FoV for photography, sharp in the image centre, and have interesting bokeh. The newer versions tend to be sharper than the older ones. Jupiter 9 is not bad, according to reviews. Or you can try finding a Samyang 85mm f1.4, manual focus, but brand new and top notch optics (Samyang is also sold as Rokinon, Bower, Vivitar, Walimex, and others). A vintage 85mm lens would be good, too, but those are usually not very cheap.
Wide angles.. well, the problem is that 24mm was considered ultra wide in the film era, with few lenses going to 20mm or wider. While there are some great vintage 24mm lenses, there are also some poor ones. And none of them are generally as fast and flare resistant as modern 24mm lenses. Ultra wide angles benefited a lot from the computer-aided lens designs and modern lens coatings. You can look for a Tamron
17-50mm f2.8, and you get fairly wide angle with good aperture, and a nice zoom range. Or one of those Sigma 10-20mm. But it will be difficult to find anything wider than 24mm under $200. Samyang also makes some good ultra wides (8mm fisheye, 10mm, 14mm, 16mm, 24mm), but I doubt you can find them for under $200 (though, they are worth every cent). Maybe something like those "Sigma super wide", they are popular and 24mm.