Originally posted by fireforsave The 55mm is a rumoured Tomioka design but researching that leaves a dead end.
There is a VMC (incorrectly listed as Series 1) at auction on eBay at present (claiming Tomioka heritage) if you are interested. The 50mm and 55mm Vivitars are were originally offered as kit lenses on Vivitar-branded cameras from the mid-1970s on with both the cameras and lenses being Cosina product. It is possible that the designs were acquired from Tomioka at some point, but it is hard to say beyond assuming that any 55/1.4 with a broad, mildly convex rear element is Tomioka. FWIW, the user manuals for some of the M42 Vivitar bodies list a 50/1.4 for that mount as well.
Steve