I am not a pro; heed me at your own peril.
I always shoot raw and spend a lot of time processing my images; this influences my approach to shooting. If you shoot JPEG only, read no further because I'm going to recommend that you underexpose your images and recover in post, and this should not be done on a JPEG file. I also don't know how the sensor noise and dynamic range of your camera compare to my K-5, but I'm going to hazard a guess that it's not quite as good but not terrible either. That said, here's how I would approach this situation:
Given the difficult light, I would generally underexpose by a stop or so. I always use matrix metering, possibly by habit, with exposure compensation as needed. Looking at the metadata, I notice the aperture is f/14. I wouldn't use such a small aperture unless I either doubted my ability to focus on the subject or needed maximum possible depth of field. Assuming I could focus reliably, I'd go for f/8, or, if the lens has a particular "sweet spot", that. I would generally try the fastest shutter speed possible to really "freeze" the mud, unless I wanted something else blurred by motion such as wheels.
Looking at your results, the first 3 are a bit bright, and number 3 in particular might have benefitted from a darker exposure, although I don't know how much you could really do about that extremely bright glare (the CPL filter is a very good suggestion). Number 4 is excellent: technically very good, with correct exposure and just the right shutter speed to blur the wheels but still freeze much of the thrown mud, and from a good angle that makes it look like the damned thing is emerging from underground. The blue smoke prevents the in-focus background from becoming a distraction and adds yet more drama. Number 5 has similar qualities in terms of composition, but the exposure is a little too bright, notice e.g. the clipped highlights in the hat.
Finally, the very first thing that caught my attention was the
extreme compression artifacts in all images. In the first shot, look closely at the mud splatter in front of and above the windscreen - it's all a pixelated mess. The file size is a fairly generous 400 kB, and that really should be enough for an image 1280 pixels wide. I'd like to know what caused this.