Originally posted by timw4mail So...optics-wise, does much really change across Helios-44 variants? Or is it more the mechanics of the lens that change between variants?
They all use the same optical formula - that of the CZJ Biotar 2/58. As production evolved, the diaphragm went from 13 to 8 and then 6 blades (which makes a difference on out-of-focus rendering), although some earlier models continued production at different factories for many years after newer versions were released. Different variants have different types and levels of coatings on the optical elements, which can affect contrast, colour rendition and flare resistance. Then, there are mechanical differences - some variants have manual or preset diaphragm, others a switchable auto/manual or just auto (the auto-only versions require a simple diaphragm pin modification to make them work as manual). Earlier versions came in M39 (for SLR) mount, while later models are M42. A couple of variants - the 44K-4 and 44K-7 - were produced in Zenit's version of Pentax K-mount. The M39 -44, -44-2 and M42 -44-2 don't cover the cut-outs on a Pentax M42 adapter, whereas later models do.
I've heard anecdotally that the 44M-4, 5, 6 and 7 series had incrementally better optical performance as you went through the range (44M-4 being at the lower end, and 44M-7 being the best). In use, they're all perfectly decent - not amazing by modern pixel-peeping / test-chart-obsessing standards, but very good and capable of nice results. In truth, copy variation is likely to have more impact on resolution, especially on later models where quality control was arguably less stringent.
Some people say that the later models don't produce the characteristic "bokeh swirl" - or not so much as the earlier -44 and -44-2. Again, in practice, I don't find much difference (see my side-by-side test
HERE). In many situations, people don't know how to achieve that swirl, and assume it's because of their variant or copy of the lens. It's simple enough, but takes a little practice to set up a shot accordingly
They're all good lenses... I have a soft-spot for the extremely common brownish-black Helios-44-2 and the built-like-a-tank -44M