Originally posted by Christopher M.W.T I don't really understand expanded and base ISO entirely. Can you please explain for me.
I'm confused how a camera that say has a base ISO of 100 could then be expanded as low as 50 and possibly perform worse.
AFAIK, a sensor has a given and constant effiency when collecting electrons from photons and after a certain number of them are collected (like 50,000 electrons) the pixel flows over. Called the full well capacity. This results in a defined ISO value where 18% gray, when exposed correctly, fills the well to 18% (simplifying things).
Normally, the base ISO is a tad higher rounded to the next normal value like 100 or 200. Also, to give a bit of extra headroom for highlights. Kodak has different recommendations for computing ISO based on the type of photography the camera or film is made for (studio, landscape etc.).
Extended low ISO then is nothing but overexposure by less than a full stop. If the dynamic range isn't large, it may make sense to use it. As it can make sense to underexpose 1 stop with high contrast. The lower ISO does also use a smaller gain when reading out the pixel charges. So, the read-out noise is a tad lower. But that's normally almost unmeasurable.