Originally posted by bxf So how do these latest super sharp lenses (Sigma Art, latest Zeiss) achieve their superiority?
Good question, the lens designs for a lens like the Sigma art 50mm f/1.4* are not a particularly great diversion from the lens designs in the past, it is fundamentally a planar lens**.
I chalk it up to: Tighter tolerances in optical alignment, refined optical design, advanced glass production techniques and enhanced glass shaping and manufacturing processes, heightened quality control and skilled lens assembly.
*I will point out the Carl Zeiss 55mm f/1.4 OTUS belongs in the Distagon family of lenses. Distagon, which is the Zeiss term for a retrofocus lens: A design technique employed
typically in wide angle lenses with a reversed telephoto group at the back to move the rear element far enough from the focal plane to clear the moving mirror of an SLR, however clearance is not an issue with a longer focal length like 55mm. The practical upshot of the retrofocus design [despite its increased complexity] is that it allowed for better control of coma, distortion and optical aberrations. FYI Retrofocus lenses started to appear in the 1930's the concept was first employed by Angénieux.
** Albeit an expanded Ultron type planar not unlike the Schneider Xenon 50mm f/1.5 C.1932