Thanks for the info!
I wasn't planning on replicating the shot, per se - I was hoping to avoid making an obviously derivative work (not that I see anything wrong with that as long as I say "hey, this dude inspired me") - but at the same time, I'm not entirely sure what I can bring to the table! Simply copying the shot is boring (though it is useful for learning how it was created, but it is not creative in and of itself) - I want to do something with ice, and freezing something in it, but not quite the same a you did. I haven't figured it out yet - the puzzle is eluding me!
Before I start being creative (it's Wednesday and I haven't even given it a thought yet! Oh no!), a quick look at the technical aspects.
Let's see... freezing water clearly... there is dissolved air in the water which will come out of solution as the temperature drops (because the solubility of the gas in the water decreases with temperature, possibly related to gay-lussac's law (that's pronounced "Guy", by the way) and charle's law but I can't remember the details) - so we need to degas it before freezing, or freeze it slowly enough that the bubbles won't become trapped.
I suspect that by adding salt (freezing point depression), you've slowed down the freezing process which is why it helped - as did leaving it in the fridge for 24 hours to give it time to offgas at a lower temperature.
Next up is chloramation - which is chlorination with chloramine for those curious. Chloramine can also off-gas, but it should off-gas at roughly the same time as the air, so I dont
think we need to concern ourselves specifically with it.
Contaminants: so, water is salty. Not sea-salty - salty as in contains metal salts - "minerals" as normal folks call them. These can act as nucleation points in the crystallisation process, causing multiple crystals to form, which will cause grain boundries. It probably won't be a problem though. If it is a problem we can use deionised water, or distill it ourselves by cooling steam. It would also mean we can't depress the freezing point with salt - meaning we'd have to find a different way to slow the rate of cooling. I think it'd be easier to just use salt, which means we dont need to worry about the other minerals since we're adding way more salt than was in it already.
The freezing container should probably be as smooth as possible to reduce unwanted crystal formation - we want to grow the crystal staring in one place, if possible, and have it spread out from there in one giant crystal. I don't think that's really all that feasible - but using a seed crystal may help - the problem is preventing the seed crystal from melting in the much warmer water... but thanks to our freezing point depression from the addition of salt, we may have a way around that - salt-water at, say, 272K (-1°C) won't freeze, but should allow us to float a pure-water ice crystal in it to act as a seed crystal.
If we're doing that, we need a separate container of regular (preferably pure) water of roughly the same size as the main container - when we see it start to freeze, but not the main mixture, it's time to put in the seed ice-crystal. We can't stick a thermometer into the main mixture as that may introduce contaminants, aspirate air into the mixture, or if you somehow manage to supercool the water, it will actually act as a seed and cause the water to rapidly freeze - which would be very cool.
We might also try introducing an imperfection in the container - something with sharp edges and lots of surface area - say, a small grain of sharp sand, or a little fragment of pumice. Speaking of the container, it should be made as utterly clean as possible - I would suggest rubbing it down with soapy-water first, then a bucketload of water - we could go cleaner, but at the end of the day, we're freezing something in the water anyway, so it's probably not a problem. Probably
Right - so with all that in mind, let's put together a proposed method for getting clear ice:
Requirements:
- Container (plastic or silicone - glass will shatter as the water expands)
- Salt (table salt, rock salt, metal salts, any salt will do)
- Something to freeze
- A seed crystal (a flake of ice), a grain of sand, or a tiny bit of pumice
Method: this may or may not work, it's just a framework for me to work off, based on the above principles and what I know of chemistry. It may turn out to be entirely wrong since we are encroaching on materials chemistry and I am a biochemist, so there isn't a lot of overlap between wanting to make good crystals and the chemistry of how organisms work (though you might be surprised at how many overlaps there actually are!)
- Clean container
- Pre-cool container in freezer
- Mix salt in water (concentration should be based on 1-degree above the temperature of your freezer, see this chart for the concentration vs temperature)
- Pre-cool salt-water mixture in fridge for 24+ hours to allow off-gassing
- Pre-cool a rinse-mix of the same salt-water mixture in the fridge for 24+ hours to allow off-gassing.
- If the sample-to-be-frozen is inorganic, submerge in the rinse-mix during pre-cooling
- If the sample to-be-frozen is organic, keep it fresh until ready to begin freezing, and wash in the rinse-mix before freezing
- Place the sample in the salt-water mixture, and place it in the fridge
- If using sand or pumice as a seed crystal, place it in the mixture.
- If using ice as a seed crystal, you'll need a second pure-water reference mixture to freeze alongside the main mixture. Periodically check on it - if the reference mixture is frozen but not the saltwater mixture, add the ice crystal.
- Wait
- Keep waiting
- Wait some more
- Stop waiting
- Profit???
I'm also going to consider
supercooling some bottled water -
its moderately easy to do though it may take some tries (run the process redundantly so you're guaranteed at least one success!) - I may be able to pour it on the "subject" material to coat it, or dunk the material into it which will initiate crystallisation. It would be interesting to see, if nothing else. You can do weird stuff with it, like pouring it onto a surface slowly to create a stalagmite - it's fascinating to see!