Your claims about teleconverters are correct: they degrade image quality (some slightly, others significantly), and you lose light (1 stop for 1.4x, 2 stops for 2.0x).
In this particular case, the APS-C camera would deliver a higher resolution due to the crop factor. The corresponding full-frame sensor would have to have 24.45 megapixels in order to deliver the same resolution as the K-5 (16.3x1.5) or 18 megapixels in order to deliver the same resolution as the K-x/Kr (12x1.5). To compensate for this, the full-frame camera would have to be use a longer lens.
Full-frame sensors are usually better than APS-C when it comes to dynamic range and noise control, as their pixel density is lower. Recent advantages in APS-C sensors, though, such as the one in the K-5, mean that they can hold their ground fairly well against full-frame, however:
DxOMark - Compare sensors Adam
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