In the days of film you would pick you film speed and this would give you your grain/DR. You would then expose for the shadows and to some extents let the highlight fall were they may. In digital you expose (as other have indicated) for the highs. This would let you get as much DR as possible. You would could also look at the scene colors. Different colors give you different grays. 2 colors that may look very different can look like the same shades of gray. The cyan sky could look very light gray for example. To help change this you would use color filters on the lens. You could do this with digital but it is not necessary and is better to do it in PP.
I use Paintshop Pro so I can't tell you how to do the following in your program.
In the old film days you would develop your film and then print on paper. In doing this there are many things you could do to get it to look like you wanted. One of the first is print for what was called DMax /DMin. What this was is you would spread out the DR so that the darkest part of the scene is the blackest the paper could print and the lightest part is the white of the paper. In digital you do this with things like fill light. You may have to do a little noise reduction first then a little more after. You can also move the brightness/ contrast and local tonal mapping.
You have to think in BW. So any colors in the photo don't have to be correct but you can use the colors to get better things like textures, shapes, tones and form. You can turn up the color more then you would think for a color photo.
Next you can do your sharpening for textures. You do this before the BW conversion so you can see the effect but you may have to do some after.
In PSP you have a BW film filter. This is not the same as just turning the photo to grays. The BW film filters lets you apply color filters like in the old film days. In PSP it will even suggest a color. You can try different colors to see how it changes the grays. It would take a lot of practices (a lot of film) to get good with color filters but on the computer you can get it fast. If you don't like it just pick a new filter color. You can also do some adjustment of lightness and tonal mapping.
Now that you have your BW photo you then do your final contrast and brightness as normal. Then do your resizing and final sharpening.
Here are some examples
https://secure.flickr.com/photos/dazt/sets/72157622289190866/ or
https://secure.flickr.com/photos/dazt/sets/72157630592881516/.
DAZ