Of your 3 topics, there are certain commonalities and some significant differences that will affect lens choice.
Flowers and butterflies and large relative to your sensor, so you need close focus rather than true macro (1:4 vs 1:2 or 1:1 magnification)
Flowers are stationary in the absence of wind.
Butterflies tend to be skittish, so the working distance for a 50mm may make it too hard to get close enough.
Insects can be captured at low magnification, but if you try to get close to 1:1 you need to worry about keeping them from moving too much - again a longer focal length may help, but technique becomes a lot more important.
I've used everything from 50-135 with extension tubes or a dedicated macro lens. I find 90mm to be about right and would use that more often except my dedicated lens is a m42 and has a stiff focus ring
---------- Post added 08-05-15 at 05:13 PM ----------
Here's one site that talks about macro and perspective
Macro Photography Perspective Tips
and for really good photography advice including macro calculators try
Cambridge in Colour - Photography Tutorials & Learning Community