| | some good advices about lens (i found them very useful for beginners, like me)
Worth knowing about interchangeable lenses
The lens is without doubt the most important part of the camera. Choosing the right lens facilitates the uptake of the desired image.
Most SLR cameras (and some rangefinder cameras such as the Voigtlander Bessa series, or the Leica M and of course the new system cameras from Panasonic G-System or Sony Alpha system) have the advantage that changing the lens can be. This can be set depending on the subject, image or design request, a lens with an appropriate angle and / or required luminosity front of the camera.
The viewing angle of a lens is determined by the focal length, whereas the light intensity is given by the maximum aperture (smallest f-number ie). The shorter the focal length, the larger the angle and the smaller the aperture number, the more light the lens more. A lens with a focal length of 28 and an aperture of 2.8 is compared to a lens with a focal length of 105mm and a maximum aperture of 3.5 that is slightly brighter and has a wider viewing angle.
The aperture is measured in so-called f-stops. Each f-stop can be exactly half as much or twice as much light through the lens to the film as the f-stops above or below the set aperture. The stops are: 1,4 - 2 - 2.8 - 4 - 5.6 - 8 - 11 - 16 - 22 - 32 - so that one panel can be half as much so of 2.8 light through the optical system such as a diaphragm of 2 and twice as much light as set fourth panel
Zoom or fixed focal length
Lenses can be roughly divided into fixed focal length and zoom lenses. The advantage of the prime lens is first of all in the more compact design. Moreover, they are compared to zoom lenses of the imaging performance is slightly better. Another advantage is the rather high intensity, which sometimes makes it even without flash or additional lighting to take pictures in low light conditions. This advantage is partially offset by the excellent quality of modern films with high sensitivity (high ISO) almost abolished.
Of 10 lenses are sold at least 9-zoom lenses. They have the advantage over a fixed focus lens, which always has only one focal length and thus a fixed point of view, the advantage that you can change the focal length variable. Thus, changing the angle of view, without having to change the location or "seat" a different lens on the camera. There is therefore the tedious, time-consuming lens changes, the amount of equipment is shrinking and there is no additional high cost of more fixed focal length lenses.
Types of lenses - which lens for what?
The most common types of lenses, the wide-angle, including normal, telephoto and macro lenses. Wide angle lenses have short focal length (24-35mm) and thus a large field of view. Super wide angle with a focal length of 21mm or less have to angle up to 114 °. A special place is occupied by the so-called fish-eye lens that is available as a full-frame fisheye or genuine. Both types have at least 180 ° horizontal viewing angle, the "real" Fisheye also has a vertical viewing angle of 180 °, thus you get a circular image sections.
Wide are ideal for landscape, panorama, architecture, advertising, and group shots or shooting in confined spaces. Important in the wide-angle photography, the camera is that it always held horizontally, as this will cause ugly vertical lines. When image formation is to be noted that the focus of design, because the images appear to be otherwise "flat".
The standard lens usually has a focal length of 50mm and is to reflect the perspective of the way she sees the human eye (43mm would be correct!). Due to the wide-angle zoom lenses, where the focal length of 50mm is usually included with, are hardly purchased normal lenses. Only the very high light intensity of 1:1.8 to 1:1.0 irritating photographers who deal extensively with their hobby, or to purchase a normal lens.
Telephoto lenses with long focal lengths from 85mm are ideal for distant objects close to us. The longer the focal length, the smaller the angle of view. It also detects less of a motive, but details can be worked out better. Distant subjects can be to represent a full format. Are ideal telephoto lenses for sports and wildlife shots, but shots can be photographed with them often go unnoticed. Because of the long focal length is shown in the background often unsharp telephoto lenses, so the subject is virtually free. This property makes the portrait photographers advantage. The ideal portrait focal lengths 85-105mm.
Many manufacturers also offer extreme telephoto lenses with telephoto lenses of 400mm or more. These lenses are mainly used for sports and wildlife photographers, and thought, since they are usually built only for professionals, accordingly, expensive.
If you want to completely get close to the subject, then a macro lens is the right one. This is specifically calculated for close range and delivers images to the imaging ratio of 1:1.
Macro lenses are ideal for taking pictures of small animals, flowers and anything less than 5-10 cm. Macro lenses with longer focal lengths have the advantage that the shooting distance is larger for the same magnification. So you can keep the flight distance of living small animals and also has fewer problems with the lighting. Some manufacturers offer even zoom lenses with a magnification ratio of 1:1.8 to 1:2 or even!
Generally, when taking the focal length is equal to the longest possible time in 1/100sek. This means that if you're shooting with a 35mm lens, this is the longest time you can hold in your hand, sec to 1/35. With a 200mm lens with the same light you need is already a 1/200 sec in order to get the shot without blurring! The result is that you need at longer focal lengths corresponding to higher-speed films, so you get to the required shorter shutter speeds. Keep this in mind when buying your movies.
To get even with long telephoto lenses or long periods still images blur-free, Canon and Nikon have lenses with image stabilizer developed. At Canon, these lenses with the addition of "IS" for Image Stabilizer are known, at Nikon have lenses with VR stabilizer is the abbreviation. The optical stabilizer makes it possible to make even at longer times or steady shots without a tripod.
Lens Accessories
The most important accessory for a lens is the lens shade or sun (often mistakenly referred to as the lens hood). The sun visor suppressed unwelcome stray light and thus enhances the contrast of the image. This is especially true for zoom lenses. Most foreign manufacturers ship their lens zoom lenses with the same lens hood. Please use this too, because it was included in the calculation for the optical calculations. Failure to use the solar panel leads to a loss of quality when shooting.
Especially for telephoto lenses, there are converters that multiply the focal length by a factor of 1.4 or 2.0, a 400mm telephoto is 560mm or 800mm telephoto so. Are calculated specifically for a teleconverter lens, it is assumed that hardly any loss of quality is visible. Universally applicable teleconverter always lead to a loss in terms of contrast and brightness, and to avoid a light fall of the center to the edge (so-called vignetting), you should stop down the lens by 1-2 levels.
Almost every lens has a filter thread, for instance spout of a lens or filter to improve or change the way of taking pictures.
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Originally posted by quintinir 
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