UV and clear filters have no other purpose on dSLRs; and they may affect image quality. I have taken mine of after I noticed reflections in night shots that disappeared after I removed the UV filter. I will only put them back on in adverse conditions (e.g. sandstorm).
Some often used filters:
** polarizer filter (circular (CPL) and linear (LPL))
from wikipedia
Quote: The polarizing filter has two applications in both color photography and black-and-white photography: it reduces reflections from some surfaces, and it can darken the sky.
** neutral density (ND) filter
blocks light allowing the use of longer shutter speeds to achieve effects like silky waterfalls during bright daylight
** graduated neutral density (GND) filter
identical to above but effect is stronger at one side; can be used to reduce the intensity of the sky so it is not / less washed out