Here are some quick and dirty shots I took of my K1000.
Without lens the arrow points to the aperture link lever. It should normally be in this position with no lens attached.
Here it is with the Pentax M42 adapter installed without lens. The link lever should engage in the slot and move to the position indicated. In this position the camera should operate in stopped down meter mode.
See if the lever is operating in this manner. If it is then the the potentiometer / variable resistor may need adjustment, cleaning or replacement.
Note: the adapter should be rotated until the spring clip engages. The instructions for the adapter tells one to screw the adapter fully on to the lens and then mount the adapter and lens together on to the camera body as if a K-mount lens. Turn until the spring clip engages.