I started with the K-x, moved up to the K-30, and recently got a used K-3. My K-x was my first DSLR, and once I figured out how to use it properly, I really enjoyed it. I got the K-30 mainly for the weather resistance, and I got the K-3 to have a second weather resistant body.
All three of these bodies use an APSC sensor, but the density of the megapixels does make a difference. Here's a comparison of what the images look like when they are all displayed at the same size. K-3 K-30 K-x
In terms of image quality, when displayed onscreen at about 1/3 size (which nearly fills the screen on my 21" monitor), there is not much difference between them. I suspect that means you could get a good 5x7 or 8x10 print from each without noticing much difference.
It's when you start zooming in and checking other factors where you notice clear differences. Here I've taken a screen shot of just the center of the three. (I'm not sure how well this will show up here with a greatly downsized pic.)
To make this comparison somewhat equal, I'm displaying the K-3 at 100%, the K-30 at 120%, and the K-x at 140%.
I took these all with the same DA 50 lens at f8 with RAW and let the ISO float with the high end set to what I conisder a usual maximum. What you should be able to see here in this comparison is that the K-3 at ISO2000 has less noise than the K-30 at 1250 or the K-x at 1600. You should also see that the K-3 is perceptibly sharper than the K-30 which is sharper than the K-x. None of this is surprising news, though I am quite pleased at the better high ISO performance of the K-3.
Will this make a difference? As I first noted, it depends on what you plan to do with the picture. Most print sizes should be similar. But moving to the K-30 from the K-x will give you better low light performance (higher ISO w/ less noise) and the ability to crop more with less effect on overall resolution.
So, I did notice a big difference going from K-x to K-30 (and probably more of a difference now going from K-30 to K-3), but that K-x is such a lovely little camera that is still very competent.